Discuss research into different type of attachment Essay Example for Free

Discuss research into different type of attachment Essay Mary Ainsworth conducted two naturalistic observations, one in the rural community of Kampala in Uganda which lasted for two years and the other in the urban city of Baltimore which had lasted for one year. The aim of this observation was to look at a mother and infant interaction. In both study she used the same number of participants, which were 26 mothers and their infants. Using the strange situation she found three different types of attachments that were displayed by the children and the fourth found by Main and Solomon. The first study in Uganda she found that some mothers were more sensitive to their infants needs meaning that, they were more capable of providing more details about their infants. The infants of these mothers were ‘securely attached’, this means that in their mothers’ presence they cried little and were more eager to explore. This secure attachment led to the infants being more independence because they used their mothers as a secure base that they could run to in time of danger. The second observation took place in Baltimore, America. In this study she and her team did not use a behaviour checklist which means that there was not certain thing that she was looking for, for example she did not have a paper where she wrote all the behaviour that she was looking for such as anger or sorrow and ticked them off when she witnessed it, she was purely just writing what she had seen. In this observation she found that mother were more sensitive to their infants for the first three months of their lives, meaning that in the one year that she had studied them, only for the first three months the mother, who was classified as a secure base responded more to the infants needs during that time period. Learning theorist found this confusing, this is because from their understanding, responsiveness to behavioural social releasers, such as crying should act as a reinforcer and increase the crying, but this was different Anisworth predication which was that behavioural social releasers decrease the caregiver responsiveness. One limitation of these studies is that because it was a longitudinal study, which means that it went over for a long period of time, it may have caused  participant attrition, where participants drop out of the study and this may cause problems for her, such as she may not have yet found what she needed. but one strength of the study being longitudinal is that the mother may become more comfortable with the fact of someone observing them so this could led to them being more free and able to express themselves better, and this would be an advantage for Mary as she will witness the mothers true personality and behaviour. One limitation of the Baltimore study alone was that her study was not operationalised; meaning that she did not define what she was observing and this could lead to her finding irrelevant information. In the Baltimore study we saw that Mary Anisworth conducting her research using the Strange Situation. This method was used to test the nature of attachment systematically. the aim of this was to see how infants behaved under condition of mild stress and novelty, this stress was created by a presence of a stranger and by separation from caregiver; this is tests stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The strange situation also tries to encourage exploration by placing infant in a novel situation which tests the secure base concept. This research takes place in a novel environment, this is a 99 foot square marked off into 16 squares, and this was to help mark the movements of the infants. This method consists of eight episodes, each used to emphasise certain behaviours; the behaviour that was assessed was stranger anxiety, this is the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unknown to them. The second behaviour assessed is separation anxiety, this is the distress revealed by infants when separated from its primary attachment figure. And the last behaviour assessed was Reunion behaviour this is the behaviour shown by infants when reunited with their mother. The results in a strange situation are collected by a group of observers who record what the infants are doing every 15 seconds. Aniworth et al (1978) found that there are three types of attachment that infants had with their caregiver. One of the attachment found was the secure attachment, this is when an infant has a strong and cooperative interaction with their caregiver. These types of infants properly will not cry if their caregiver leaves the room, but when feeling scared they use their caregiver  as safety net that they run to seek close bodily contact and although they may not want to leave their caregivers side prematurely, they are easily soothed. They seek and are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy. The securely attached infants are more independent this is because they use their caregiver a secure base and because they know that they have this secure base they tend to explore their environment more. Another type of attachment is Insecure-avoidant, this attachment is formed of children that don’t like to socially interact with others and tend to avoid intimacy. In the strange situation, when separated from their caregiver these children show little response and do not seek proximity of their caregiver on reunion. If the infant is picked up they may show little or no tendency to cling or resist being put down. These children do not need their caregiver to be there for them to explore, they are quite happy to do it without them. They may also become quite angry because their attachment needs are not met. Furthermore another type of attachment is insecure-resistant, these are children who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction. When separated with their caregiver they show intense distress, on reunion they may resist being picked up while also trying to maintain proximity. The last type of attachment was found by Main and Solomon (1986) when they done a re-analysis of over 200 strange situation. The fourth attachment that they found was Disorganised; this type is characterised by a lack of a consistent patterns of social behaviour. These children can show strong attachment, which is suddenly followed by avoidance or looking fearful towards their caregiver or displaying odd movements such as stumbling. In conclusion, there are four types of attachment that children display these are secure attachment, insecure- resistant, insecure avoidance and disorganised and a way to identify what type of attachment a child has is to use the strange situation method, that was first conducting by Mary Anisworth.

The Extent To kill a Mockingbird critiques the cultural values of Mayco

‘To kill a Mockingbird’ is a strong reflection of Harper Lee, the author’s, upbringing. Having been raised in the small town of Alabama in the 1920’s she was frequently exposed to prejudice and this inspired her to write a book, her only to date, loosely based on her early days. Tom Robinson’s trial, set in Maycomb County, is a parallel to the Scottsboro Trial, which was an infamous case during Lee’s childhood, where a ‘negro’ was accused of rape. However the emphasis is based more on the lawyer, Atticus Finch, who defends him, as the book is written from the perspective of his daughter, Jean Louise, known as ‘Scout’. Throughout, an importance is placed on the fact that ‘it's a sin to kill a mockingbird’ as they only ‘sing their hearts out for us’ and ‘don't eat up people's gardens’. This is a comment on the fact that Maycomb society victimises Tom Robinson, despite the fact that he is harmless and only does good, just like the mockingbird. This symbolic meaning resulted in the title ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ rather than the initial name ‘Atticus’ as the publishers felt the book was not solely based on Atticus as a person. On the contrary, they felt the values of Maycomb society such as social division and status, racial prejudice, double standards, integrity and courage were the focuses of the book. It is important to appreciate the advantages a child narrator brings to a novel of this kind, due to Scout’s innocence and youth she does not understand certain social infrastructures which complicate the adult world, thus exposing Maycomb in a way that an adult narrator could not. This allows Harper Lee to critique the values of Maycomb society in a more subtle manner, for example Scout does not judge people, but instead explains... ...ociety to a vast extent. It comments on the foundations of Maycomb as an isolated and inward looking society which allows racial prejudice to grow. The social division, stereotyping and prejudice are also emphasized as each family has a ‘streak’ and Tom Robinson’s case is as simple as ‘black and white’ Harper Lee also exposes the double standards and hypocrisy of the citizens of Maycomb, by using irony and giving the reader a perspective that the charters cannot see. At the forefront of all of the happenings in this book is Atticus Finch, who is represented as an honest man with strong values, he is a contrast to most people in Maycomb, and he shows us what it is to be a gentleman. Although Harper Lee does allow the reader to see some hope for Maycomb society and the changing racial attitudes within it, she generally criticizes their values to a much deeper extent.

Marshall McLuhan’s Theory Essay

How might Marshall McLuhan’s theory of hot and cold media be used to explain the surge of interest in mobile technology, especially text and picture messaging? ‘Any invention or technology is an extension or self-amputation of our physical bodies, and such extension also demands new ratios or new equilibriums among the other organs and extensions of the body’, Marshall McLuhan in ‘Understanding Media’ (1964, p43). A comment which has possibly never been truer than when understood with regard to a mobile phone. McLuhan’s theories have recently been given new life with the onset of the Internet; however, they can also be usefully applied to the massive explosion of mobile technology. Given it is a medium which some may consider to be cool; its impact on society has been immeasurable. In today’s society it is difficult to meet a person between the ages of fifteen and fifty who do not own a mobile phone. Like televisions, it is the electronic accessory of the moment and it is advancing fast. Only five years ago text messaging was in its infancy and not all phones offered it; picture messaging was unheard of. Nowadays picture messaging is very much here and already the technology has moved towards video messaging. Some ‘mobile phones’ would be more accurately described as hand held computers as the telephony is only a fraction of its capabilities and often not even its main function. As with most mobile phones the main function consumer’s use is text messaging. According to McLuhan in ‘Understanding Media’ (1964) the advent of a hot explosive medium can cause drastic changes to politics and society. This can be seen in the effects that such technology has had on not only the telephone but the way people communicate in day to day life. However, when contrasted with a hot medium such as television or cinema, text and picture messaging are comparatively cool. They provide far less information and demand more participation from the receiver to fill in the gaps. Pictures received in messages are only small and very symbolic rather than detailed. There is also only limited space for text and language is often limited to abbreviations and annotation. Of course when compared to the standard telephone, mobile technology is considerably hotter, however, in order to stay within McLuhan’s theory, and for the medium to cause such a change in society, one would assume that the medium itself would need to be hotter. Such a change could be better explained and explored by the theories of Roland Barthes, particularly his writings on myths and semiotics. In a collection of articles entitled ‘Mythologies’ (1973) Barthes explores practical objects and their cultural meanings. Examining such objects as cars and haircuts he scrutinizes the ‘signifiers’ and ‘signs’ that they contain. ‘Barthes begins by making explicit the meanings of apparently neutral objects and then moves on to consider the social and historical conditions they obscure’ (McNeill 1996). He examined cars, comparing them to Gothic cathedrals, due to their uses over and above their basic functions. Cars carry status and tell a lot about the person who owns them (Barthes 1973). Such meanings can also easily be drawn from mobile phones. Far more useful than assessing whether or not they are hot or cold, deeper more analytical conclusions can be derived from Barthes’ methods. By exa mining the semiotics of the medium its position in society and culture and its effects could be estimated. In ‘Mythologies’ (1973) ‘he argued that myth was a mode of signification. He argued that in myth, the link between the signifier and the signified was motivated†¦so that a culturally constructed sign becomes a signifier, thus allowing what is signified to become naturalised’ (Hartley 2002). Hartley goes on to apply this theory to brand named sports wear and their attached meanings. Such an application could be used with mobile technology as not only are there many different mobile phones with different functions but many different brands. ‘Nokia’, in particular, as the apparently leading brand, has different model phones which contain different signifiers. Some appear fun and contain lots of features and gadgets; others appear sophisticated and look sleek and small. Others exist for practical purposes for uses who are less taken by mobile phone culture. Given the huge range of choice on offer, not just by ‘Nokia’ but all brands, the decision of which phone to purchase is an active one which takes serious contemplation. More can be said for a person who uses picture messaging. Society has not quite reached a stage where its considered a ‘necessity’ like text messaging so those who do use it are those who are particularly interested in the culture. More so as these phones and messages cost more it signifies how much money a person has or at least how they prioritise their spending. More meanings could be drawn from how often a person uses their phone and how many different people they know who can accept picture messages. Barthes also wrote about Text itself and its semiotics, arguing that words are strong and can be used as political weapons, as they have been in post World War II politics. He charts the beginning of the ‘moment of the text’ as 1968 (Hartley 2002). This seems to have affected the whole of society as people now talk to each other less, preferring to e-mail or send text or picture messages. McLuhan has commented on discourse and text. According to a website called ‘Marshall McLuhan: spinning the web of the future’, ‘specifically, McLuhan feels that the best way to convey information between two people is to maximize the use of the senses†¦[therefore] ancient oral civilizations appeared to have the greatest and most clear form of communication.’ That is not the written word, but the spoken. This has, however, been criticised by Miller (1971) who ‘disagrees with this assumption because he feels that humanity has evolved with technology a nd that this is not necessarily a bad thing. The reality is that further technological advances have given humanity the ability to communicate using mediums that are essentially extensions of the spoken word.’ McLuhan expressed concern over the effects of technology and its result in the loss of human identity, although he did not see it as a bad thing, it was something to be maintained and supervised. His concerns could be justified, however, in that nowadays people talk to each other less, preferring to communicate by the written, or typed, word. Concern should probably not to be so extreme as to fear the breakdown of society but it has seriously affected how we communicate and what we now spend our money on. According to McLuhan in ‘Understanding Media’ (1964) intense, hot media needs to be cooled off by our senses before it can be assimilated. Possibly then the appeal of the text and picture message is that they are easier to take in on a sensory level. They are quick, take only seconds to read and write and enough time is given to process the information between each message and response. Radio and cinema act as an assault on the senses demanding that attention be paid in order to take it all in, although fewer gaps need to be filled. In two-way communication, however, it allows the user time to consider their response and therefore reduces the risk of saying something which one may regret later. If we put together the two theories of McLuhan and Barthes it is possible to achieve composite critique of the phenomenon of mobile technology. Although much of what was written by, particularly McLuhan, has been excessively criticised, some disregard it all together, he makes some points which are useful when examining this area of contemporary media and technology. Using McLuhan to explore the more technical aspects of text and picture messaging, suggesting why it may be so popular. Due to its being hotter than a normal telephone it is likely to be the next step in technology and its convenience makes it so popular. Also fact that it is cooler than other direct forms of media and allows more time and less information for the brain to process ensures it is easier on our senses. Its very presence has caused an upheaval in our society and we have taken the next cultural and technological step in our ever progressing development. Barthes, on the other hand, we can look to for inspiration in analysing the cultural aspects of such communication technology and what it means. Using his methodology of examining mobile phones for signs and signifiers many conclusions can be drawn. As phones differ widely in style and in what features they contain each person can be judged on the phone they own, or the phone they wished they owned. Someone who has a phone that looks good, rather than containing many features is clearly saying something about the way in which they want to present themselves. Furthermore, a person who cares less about how the phone looks and more about what it does suggests something else. Most phones which contain more features, particularly a camera are usually larger and look less neat than those with fewer features. Phones that can be used to record short pieces of film or watch videos on are bigger still yet there are already people who own them. Such people may be looking for a phone with more f unctional value, as well as their having an interest in gadgets. That said, however, we can assume they gain intrinsic pleasure from showing a person what their, apparently less attractive, phone can do. We could also assume that such people wish to be ahead of technology and enjoy being one of the first to own such items. Near enough all young people own mobile phones and few would deny that they gain pleasure and enjoyment from them. ‘Texting’ has become a common, everyday form of communication; one that did not exist during the lifetimes of Marshall McLuhan or Roland Barthes and it can be assumed that neither would have anticipated this surge in technology. Both would express concern at its immense popularity as it risks people becoming less sociable and having less actual conversation. Another side to that argument, however, could be that it increases human interaction, it just takes place in a different way. People can now contact their family, friends and acquaintances much easier and faster. To send a text message to say ‘hello’ is far quicker and easier than making a phone call which could result in lengthy conversation. Whereas once a person may have decided against the phone call for that reason they will now send a text message. It is probably safe to say that, give n that human beings are an innately social species, and indulge in conversation for pleasurable as well as functional purposes that if what they desire is a conversation then that will be sought above a text message. It is hard to predict where society and culture will go with this ever increasing technological development. In the next year or so we can assume that videophone will become much more popular and that mobile phones will continue to develop into small computers than ‘phones’. Living in a century where convenience is emphasised and encouraged and our lives are busier it is likely that less face to face interaction will take place however with the help of the mobile phone we can avoid losing contact altogether.

The Battle Of The Civil War - 1139 Words

BACKGROUND William Tecumseh Sherman, although not a career military commander before the war, would become one of the most widely renowned of the Union’s military leaders next to U. S. Grant.† One of the most debated figures of the Civil War, Sherman has been equally celebrated and reviled in public memory. He brought hard warfare to the South, leaving a wake of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina which hastened the surrender of Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Florida, and Georgia in April 1865. His harsh tactics ended the bloody conflict and resulted in freedom for millions of enslaved people. Sherman s March to the Sea or the Savannah battle was the hostile propelled crosswise over Georgia by Union general William T Sherman amid the civil war. After effectively directing The Atlanta Campaign prior that year, Sherman and his men began the Savannah crusade from the caught city of Atlanta on November 15, 1864. The crusade finished on December 21, 1864, with a catch of port city of Savannah. When Sherman began his walk to the ocean; Confederate armed force was at that point on the back foot. The point of Sherman s hostile was to handicapped Confederate economy and assurance and hurry the end of the war. THE FALL OF ATLANTA From May to September, 1864 General Sherman effectively ran his Atlanta crusade amid which his armed force had assumed control over the city of Atlanta from Confederate control. Atlanta was a railroad center point. It had weaponsShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Civil War1127 Words   |  5 Pagesshaken by the Civil War because some states wanted to separate themselves from this unity that had lasted for approximately 100 years. The American Civil War is a historic affair and one of the bloodiest battles in history of the US (Engle, Krick, 2003). It is considered one of the bloodstained happenings in the history of the US because more than 600, 000 people died. A majority of this number were soldiers. This fatal battle happened between the years 1861 to 1865. The Civil War emerged becauseRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years 1861 to 1865 the American Civil War took place and it is known as Americas bloodiest war. The cause of the Civil war was the debate between free states and slave states over the government trying to prohibit slavery. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States and ran on the platform to keep slavery out of the new unclaimed territories of the United States. Once Lincoln became president seven southern states seceded from the Union ultimately creating the ConfederateRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil war was one of the biggest turning points in United States history. The nation’s failure to compromise on the subject of slavery led to an outbreak of war. Battles such as Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Shiloh led to what we know of today as a free nation. Great technological advancements in weaponry led to mass c asualties among both north and south, often making death inevitable. Those who bravely served and those who were forced to serve lived a life of fear, starvation, and commitment toRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1191 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the Civil War started both sides thought the war would be over by Christmas. But little did they know this small war would turn into the deadliest war in American history. The Civil War was fought between the Confederacy and the Union. The Confederacy was consisted of Southern states that did not agree with the views of the Union states. After years of sectional differences in the United States between the north and south, tension between the states grew and a war between the north and southRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War was a war that was thought to would have lasted no longer than ninety days. After all was said and done, the war lasted more than four years and claimed tens of thousands of li ves of both The Union and The Confederate States. There were several battles fought on Northern and Southern soil, battles that forced bloody mortal combat between brothers in the fight for equality amongst all men. It tested the strength of the foundation that the United States was built upon. The Civil War wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War960 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered why the Civil War happened or why it was so substantial to American History? What was the battle that changed it all; that made it the history it is today? Many people have made speculations on the causes of the war and what the major turning point was, but cannot really narrow it down. In James McPherson’s Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam he points out the pivotal moments in American history that led up to and changed the Civil War, so that the reader can get a better insightRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1197 Words   |  5 PagesMarianna, FL. The battle will be virtually unkno wn in the history of the Civil War, but its success marked the longest successful incursion of Union troops into Florida (Cox, 2014). This raid had two goals; the first was to rescue the reported Union prisoners and the second was to liberate and enlist any slaves that were found along the route (Calvin, 2014). The prisoners were not located, but more than 600 slaves were liberated along their route (Cox, 2014). The subsequent battle did not last longRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1163 Words   |  5 Pageshad already decided to secede from the Union. Those 7 states started the Confederate States of America, run by their own President, Jefferson Davis. This same issue was the catalyst for the Civil War which started on April 12, 1861. One of the major and well-known battles of the Civil War was the Battle of Gettysburg. It was on this backdrop that Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech that is â€Å"universally recognized by historians and scholars alike as the most famous and most important speech everRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1233 Words   |  5 PagesIt is evident that the Civil War helped shape America into the country it is today. The strong factional division -based on slavery- between the Union and the Confederacy guaranteed certain achievements of both sides. Much of what we consider history today remains a part of the outcome from these multiple bloody battles. Activist John Muir of the Civil War-era stated, â€Å"the traces of war are not only apparent on the broken fields, burnt fences, mills, and woods ruthlessly slaughtered, but also onRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1133 Words   |  5 Pagesfierce battles were fought to secure the rights and freedom of both men and women, irrespective of their religion, gender, and race. Of all of the battles, the American Civil War stands out. Divided into the Union and the Confederacy, the American civil war broke out after the southern states seceded due to slavery that spread in many parts of the country. The Civil War began in the year 1861 and ended four years later. The end result was the Union becoming victorious in 1865. The Civil War was a

Organisational Change - Kuwait Oil Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2870 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Organizational Change Executive Summary: This study gives an overview of the organization which was taken for study. This study discusses the internal and external changes that take place in the Kuwait Oil Company. The external changes that take place outside the Kuwait Oil Company were found out to be technical changes, employment relationship and workplace communication. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organisational Change Kuwait Oil Company" essay for you Create order Internal change factors are identified as Labour force trends and development in employment laws. The eight steps in the change process are also discussed in this study. This discussion includes the changes that were caused by the following: Labour force trends Development in employment laws Workplace communication Technological changes The employment relation Various changes that can be adapted to make the Kuwait Oil Company as a successful one are discussed at the end of each section. Training and communication are the two factors which minimize the negative actions of the change. Contents External Environment Changes: Labour force trends: Changes in the employment law: Internal Environment changes: Workplace communication: Technological changes: The employment relationship: Conclusion: Bibliography Introduction: Kuwait Oil Company came into being in year 1934. The company is actually an Anglo enterprise with the participation of English and Middle East people in its set up. The company therefore came into being with the joint efforts of BP or British Petroleum and Gulf Oil Corporation which is now called Chevron. The major activities of the company include oil exploration, drilling and development of well that extracts oil and natural gas from the earth floor. The major part of the production of the company goes in export to other countries in the Middle East, Europe and Asia. At present the Kuwait government has complete 100% stake and control over the Kuwait Oil Company. The company was taken over wholly by the government in year 1975. This way the company at present is a wholly owned government enterprise. The structure of the company is as follows. (KuwaitOilCompany, 2014) External Environment Changes: The things that happen outside an organization is known as external factors.These external factors affect the internal function of a business.The objectives and strategies of a business can be affected by these external factors.External factors which affect the business are listed below: Social factor Legal factor Economical factor Technical factor Competitors These external changes cannot be controlled by any organization. (Hillstrom, 2006)Labour force trends and changes in the employment law are the external factors we are going to discuss in this study. Labour force trends: Any change in the labour force trend cannot be controlled by any organization.Kuwait Oil Company also cannot control the changes that are ongoing in the labour force trends.The labour force trend has a greater impact on the performance of Kuwait Oil Company.Each and every employee in an organization does not possess the same age, education, skill and gender.An organization must have the capacity to manage these characteristics in order to receive maximum contribution and commitment from their employees. A highly educated employee may not have a required skill to accomplish a task, in such case it is the duty of the HR manger to guide and train the employee to accomplish the task provided to him.Objectives of an organization cannot be achieved when an employee lacks certain skills required for doing a particular task. The HR department can effectively control the issues emerging from the labour force trends.The conflict between the human beings is inevitable because human beings are unique with their own mindsets.These problems stem from employee perceptions about their work environment and conflict between an employee and organizational needs. It is the responsibility of the organization to adopt certain changes to find the solutions of this conflicts.With the help of various approaches to job design like implementing realistic job previews and by reducing the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role conflict, stress, work overload and ambiguity, the problem caused due to labour trends can be effectively addressed (DiCecio, 2008). The issues that emerged in Kuwait Oil Company due to labour force trends are discussed below: Issues: Lack of skills When the employee gets promoted he may lack education qualification. Attrition rate Solutions to the issues caused due to labour force trends are discussed below: Kuwait Oil Company can adopt a proper HR policy.Performance appraisal can be used to review the performance of employees working for Kuwait Oil Company.Based on the results of performance appraisal program employees can be given training to achieve their personal goals as well as organizational goals and objectives.Attrition rate in the Kuwait Oil Company is due to the retirement of senior employees as well as resignation of other employees.A suitable recruitment policy can be adopted by the employees to close the vacancies that arise due to the retirement as well as resignation of employees of the Kuwait Oil Corporation. Changes in the employment law: A small change in the employment law affects the performance of the organization to a greater extent.Based on the employment law HR department can take care of the changes to be done in the Kuwait Oil Company.HR department can revise the contract of each employees based on the changes that are implemented in the employment law.It is the duty of the HR department to check out the working conditions and safety measures of the Kuwait Oil Company. The HR department must ensure the safety level of the employees.The HR department checks the recruitment to the retirement process is as specified by the employment law of Kuwait. Compensation to the employees is given as per the employment law. As per the employment law of Kuwait, the HR department of Kuwait oil Company must give priority to the Kuwait nationals in the recruitment process. The terms and conditions present in contract are based on the employment law of the employment law of Kuwait. Proper communication channel can be used to communicate about the recent development in the employment laws to the empoloyees.Changes in the policies of the organizations due to the employment law must be communicated to the employees.When there is a change in the employment law regarding the safety and security measures it is the responsibility of the Kuwait Oil Company to implement these changes.When there is a change in the policy related to salary, Kuwait Oil Company management identifies the change and take necessary steps to implement the change in their organization. Internal Environment changes: The changes in the internal environment are proactive and occur due to organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own policies. Internal forces for change come from the organization.Some internal changes are: Technology changes Workplace communication Employment relationship Workplace communication: Communication commonly means transmission of commonly meaningful information.Communication in work place may be either oral communication or written communication. (Von, 2013) Communication function in organizations: Communication is the number one tool in organizations.It is the most powerful tool and significant characteristic of man kind.Nothing will happen without communication.Sucess of any management depends more on their ability to communicate with labour.Communication is nothing but the process of interchanging facts, view points and ideas between person placed in different positions by effective communication.Effective communication only will lead the team to work satisfactorily in the organization. (Von, 2013) Importance: For ensuring good coordinations,communication is a must.Most of the problems for human occur due to lack of communication.Communication is the process of initiating,transmitting and receiving information.Among these three stages,if any one la cks, definitely it will lead to misunderstanding of concept. (Von, 2013) There are a number of thoughts and concepts related to communication. The process of communications includes the following steps that are followed by Kuwait Oil Company. From the above diagram it is clear that the message from sender gets encoded and then sent through the message channel. Thereafter on reaching the right place it is decoded and then received by the appropriate person. The message receiver mostly gives the feedback. It should be noticed here that any interference is the whole process should remain out and should not disturb the whole process. Need for communication: To establish and spread goals of an enterprise widely. To develop plans for further achievement. To organize human and other resources in the most effective and efficient way. To lead,direct,motivate and create a good working environment. (Von, 2013) Communication flow in the organization: Communication flows in three directions in the Kuwait Oil Company.They are: Downward communication Upward communication Horizontal or lateral communication Downward communication: In this type the information is sent from the higher level to the lower level.The communication may be oral or written type.Oral communications are instructions,speeches,meetings,telephone,loudspeakers and written communications are memoranda,letter,handbooks,pamphlets,policy statements,procedures and electronic news display.Sometimes information may loss as it comes down the chain of command and it consumes move time.So feedback system is necessary for this type of communication. (Von, 2013) In the Kuwait Oil Company communication flows downward when the superior gives instruction about the work to be done by the subordinate.When the management communicate their objectives and policies to the subordinates we can experience a downward flow of communication. Upward communication: Upward communication flows from subordinates to superior as per organizational hierarchy.There is a chance of passing irrelevant information to their boss.The information may be modified or filtered from real think.The top level management can know about the production performance,marketing information and financial data and so on.This upward communication is mainly applicable for participative and democratic organization.The informations may be in the form of suggestion, appeal and grievances,complaints,counseling,group meeting,open-door policy,morale questionnaires,exit interviews and ombuds person. (Von, 2013) In the upward communication the subordinates give feedback about their superiors. In the Kuwait Oil Company the informations may be in the form of suggestion, appeal and grievances,complaints,counseling,group meeting,open-door policy,morale questionnaires,exit interviews and ombuds person. Horizontal or lateral communication: The information is passed between the same level of organization.This type of communication is mainly implemented in peed-flow information.It helps to better understanding of information and to coordinate towa rds the management goal.In Kuwait Oil Company lateral communication is followed between departments. Communication can be either oral or written.Written communication is passing of information in writing from one person to another through posters,circulars,leaflets,etc.In oral communication information is passed on orally from one person to another.It can be done by face to face, in meetings or by telephone etc. (Von, 2013) Barriers to effective communication in Kuwait Oil Company: Following are the barriers for effective communication: Physical barriers Personal barriers Organizational barriers Semantic barriers Mechanical barriers Physical barriers: It includes physical distance,distracting noises and other interferences.Difficulty in passing of message mainly increases with increase in physical distance. Personal barriers: It arrives from motives,attitudes,judgement and emotions.Finally it leads to psychological distances.It may be caused due to problems in encoding and decoding others sentiments,attitudes and motives. Organizational barriers: Usually information flows through hierarchical structure in organization in downward communication.So, there are many chances of information being filtered. Semantic barriers: It refers to the relationship of signs to their reference.It arises due to limitations of the symbolic system.Symbols may reach a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brain through any of the senses such as feeling or hearing.Generally,symbols may be classified as language,picture or action. (Von, 2013) Mechanical barriers: It includes inadequate arrangement for transmission of n ews,facts and figures,poor office layout,defective procedure as and practices. Following rules can be followed for effective communication in Kuwait Oil Company: The information to be passed must be simple and clear. A two way communication channel can be created. A mutual twist and relationship to open cordial can be developed. A proper time can be chosen to deliver the message. Regular feedback can be taken from the subordinates by the superiors. Empathetic listening can be induced by Kuwait Oil Company. Try to develop flexibility and customize the message according to the need of the audience. Technological changes: The Technological changes include the coming of new technologies, new products and services and various other innovations. The technological progress has a serious impact on the organisational change. The organisation change thus requires to be made as per the competitive technological change in the industry. The use of latest machines, high outputs, more variety and various other features needs to be added in the production process so as to make the product and service. Inability to bring about the technological change would result in no orders for the company, comparatively lesser output and lesser profits for the organisation. Thus brining technological change is the need of the hour so as to fight back competition and sustain in the business. Moreover the technological upgrades bring with them high quality, high output and proves to be more cost effective. Thus organisation in search of all the above features need to bring technological upgrades so as to improve its position in the industry and bring itself to a comfortable level of business and thereon profit margins. (Bakker Schaufeli, 2008).Both manufacturing and service organizations are increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity and market competitiveness. Kuwait Oil Company uses technology at the bottom level of management to the high level of management. Technology is used in refining and also in decision making process.Technology change include a change in the problem solving and decision making approach and changing service methods.When the Kuwait Oil Company implement new technology, employees are not aware of the new technology.So the management of Kuwait Oil Company can provide a training to their employee in carrying out their work with the help of new technology.Kuwait Oil Company can hire well trained professionals and engineers to rectify the errors that occur in their refining machines and information technology used by them.By using advanced technology Kuwait Oi l Company can achieve its goals and objectives.It can be also able to produce quality products to its customers. The employment relationship: Employment relationship is the legal link shared by the employer and the employee.The relationship between the employer and employee is based on mutual dependency. It is the duty of every employer to treat their employee with proper respect.We can witness conflict and problems in organizations with good policies. Employment relationship can be affected by the following: Breaching the employment agreement Disputes over application of an agreement Unfair bargaining Compliance with the employment law Management style Communication Arrears of wages In order to prevent greater loss these problems must be solved at the initial stage or else it may cause greater loss to both the employees and the employers. (development, 2005) The employer and the employee can try to solve the disputes between them before taking the assistance of Employment Relation Authority. In Kuwait Oil Company, the common problem that occurs in the employment relation is the breach of employment law. In such situation the employer can discuss with the trade union of to sort out the issues if the issue could not be settled they can seek the help of the Employment relation authority.The employment relation can be also affected by the work place conflicts.Workplace conflicts include pay, working hours, performance issues, different goals, misunderstanding between the employer and the employee, issues regarding workload, profession, health and safety and level of cooperation. (development, 2005) The issues which change the equation of employment relations hip are issues related to working hours, workload issues and misunderstanding between the employees and employers due to salary.The following methods can be adopted to sort out the issues that arise due to the employment relationship: Maintaining proper communication channel to reduce misunderstanding. Hiring more workers to reduce the workload and working hours of the existing employees. Conclusion: Rapid change in the technology also affects the business process. . In this study changes such as workforce trends, developments in employment law, workplace communication, technological change and employment relation. Labour force trends are identified as age, education, skill level and gender of employees. The issues which arise due to labour force trends were found out to be lack of skill and education and high retirement rates. These issues can be avoided by providing proper training to the employees. Any development or changes in the employment laws can be implemented with the help of HR department. The communication in the Kuwait Oil Company is affected due to physical barriers such as noisy transmission and inconsistency in communication. These issues can be avoided by following an effective communication method. Bibliography Bakker, A.B. Schaufeli, W.B., 2008. Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, pp.147-54. development, c.i.o.p.a., 2005. Change agenda. DiCecio, R., 2008. Changing Trends in the Labor Force: A Survey. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF ST. LOUIS REVIEW. Hillstrom, 2006. USlegal. [Online] Available at: https://definitions.uslegal.com/m/managing-organizational-change/ [Accessed 15 December 2013]. KuwaitOilCompany, 2014. Board of Directors. [Online] Available at: https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/Leadership/Boards-of-Directors.aspx [Accessed 20 April 2014]. Von, J.W., 2013. nwlink. [Online] Available at: https://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcom.html [Accessed 15 December 2013]. 1 | Page

Analysis Of Never Let Me Go - 1318 Words

We live in order to die. Since the day we are born, we all have a path that we must follow. In the novel â€Å"Never Let me Go† by Kazuo Ishiguro. Kathy a clone, tells us her story about her home. Kathy is a clone that lives in Hailsham. During the novel, there are many themes that are touch. Some of them are; Conformity, Ignorance, free will, communication, hope, the obligation to society, and God. â€Å"Never let me Go† by Kazuo Ishiguro has many messages to their readers. Especially to the ones that do not appreciate the meaning of life, and love. Many of us are leaving a fake life on the daily bases. Some do it in order to fit with other people, other because they are afraid that people will see them as some kind of freaks. In the Novel, we†¦show more content†¦Now, must teenagers don’t care about life, and do not appreciate the freedom that they have especially in the United States. Just like the civil rights activist Martin Luther King said: â€Å"Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.† How many of us have ever thought about cloning a person? Most of us might think that this is something almost impossible, but how many of us have thought, why do we want to clone people for? During the novel, we learn the true and horrible truth of Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy. The main reason for their existence was to donor their organs to sick people. Now, if we think about this we can come to the conclusion that this is not correct. Must High school students like to do drugs, smoke, and drink alcohol like if it was water. Technically, students do not care about their bodies or think that there will be no consequences. In the novel, the donors do not have a choice, they must die in order to save others. In other hands, students do have a choice, but not everyone takes the correct path. 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Managerial Strategy For Tourism Development â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managerial Strategy For Tourism Development? Answer: Introduction Tourism in Australia is a significant part of the Australian economy. The total involvement of travel and tourism to GDP (Gross domestic product) was AUD 183.2 Billion (USD136.2 Billion) and contributed 10.9% of GDP in 2016. Besides, domestic tourism is a significant component of the tourism industry because direct involvement of travel and tourism to GDP was high in 2016. Tourism Research Australia provides the research data in both domestic and foreign market which aids in decision making related to marketing and tourism industry (Australian government, 2015). This report presents the relevant tourism issue in relation to the Australia. It also defines the evolution of Tourism from its origin to present times. Further, it discusses the different type of tourist that country target. It also evaluates the attitude of local population towards tourists. It describes the government and organization controls that affect interactions between locals and visitors. It also defines the impact of control on interaction between locals and visitors. Along with this, it explains the future hold for Australias tourism industry. Relevant tourism issue in relation to the Australia Following are relevant tourism issue in relation to Australia: In Australia, shortage of skilled labor is relevant tourism issue. It is analyzed that tourism area is growing rapidly hence there is a requirement of both well trained and inspired people for tourist. There are few people in Australian tourism industry that can speak multiple languages and have proficiency in high-tech computer skills. For example, Intercontinental Sydney double bay hires especially those people who have knowledge of multiple languages and computer skills to deal with the visitors. However, employees have no good understanding about tourist statistics and how to deal with customers (Amelung, and Nicholls, 2014). As a result, inadequate education and training generates not only financial losses but also generates lost opportunities and incapability to adapt the emerging tourism issues. Minimum Salaries, recruitment, and retention There are a large number of online and front-line workforces in the travel industry who gets the minimum amount of salary hence they have the low level of loyalty towards their jobs. In addition, it discourages the employees to change their job with high extent of promptness. As a result, this high level of employees turnover creates complexities in training because if a person leaves the company without notice then tourist information has lost (Australian government, 2015). Furthermore, it is challenging for five-star hotels that which people are responsible for contacting with visitors and to whom visitors will contact. For example, Duxton hotel, Park Hyatt Sydney, and Four season hotel Sydney have recruited the particular person to deal with visitors in Australia. In addition, there is a high level of job dissatisfaction and customer satisfaction in the Australian tourism industry due to low recruitment, high turnover, and retention. Another reason is that there is a shortage of a vailability of proficient employees in travel and tourism industry (Bonsn, et. al., 2015). The evolution of Tourism from its origin to present times Tourism is a cultural, social and economical occurrence which involves the peoples movement from a country to outside their domestic environment with the intention of personal and professional. These people are also called visitors that can be excursionists or tourists, and non-residents or residents. Further, tourism companies mainly focus on expenditures. From colonial days, travel and tourism idea has been originated in Australia. It is natural as compared to people who lived long at one from their house (Australia, 2017). Tourism is horizontal to increase the wealth and security of people and also settled down to people. When people return to old countries and visit on the kin then it refreshes old memories of them. Further, Australia has increased the awareness of its places in all over the world, especially, promoted the domestic tourism. In recent scenario, tourism is beneficial to increase the income of people because Travel and Tourism Company facilitates the private cars to large visitors to visit in different domestic places and also facilitates the three-week paid annual holiday packages to customers. In Australia, the government has introduced the long-service leave hence a large number of Australian now travels in tourist places (Australian Government, 2017). Furthermore, the government invests in the development of new and effective facilities, alteration in organization structure, and technique of tourist management, promotion, and development to promote the tourism industry. Type of tourists that country target with justification Australia targeted a different type of people for tourist purpose, which is discussed as below: International tourists New Zealand visitors are an essential part of Australian tourism industry because it concentrated on the short tourist packages with iconic tourist attraction places such as Gold Coast, Sydney, Cairns, and Uluru. It also visited in Zoo to view the Australian native animals like koala and kangaroo. Therefore, these target population is effective to increase the wealth of local people (Bonsn, et. al., 2015). Backpackers Another target of tourist in Australia is backpackers, especially, young people who belong to North America and Western European countries (particularly Britain). These people spend more time in Australia and tend to travel around in more of the areas. A large number of backpackers are working in holidays because it enables them to stay a long time in that country. Besides, working holiday visa in Australia is available for people who belong to 18 to 30 aged and belongs to Western European citizens. It is also available for certain developed countries like Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Hong Kong and South Area (Corporate plan, 2017). Domestic tourism The domestic tourism market is also targeted by the Australian government in which a large number of people are targeted who is night visitors. Domestic tourist is particularly visited on caravan and campaign sites because government facilitates the overnight accommodation. As a result, it increases the demand of tourist due to accommodating facility (Wilkinson, 2016). Australia is a leading domestic traveler due to a large amount of seaside resorts towns in each state. Further, it is situated on nearest to good surfing beaches; plentiful national parks and mountain retreats, wine growing areas, fishing places together with domestic visitation is the key tourist spot in Australia (Durand, and Fournier, 2017). Attitude of local population towards tourists As per the view of the Local population (2010), a large number of visitors are visited in Australia hence local people should have open-mindedness towards the tourist. Some local people make negative aspects about the tourist such as the secure environment. But, a large number of people have a positive attitude towards the tourist because they feel that tourism provides economic, social and environmental benefits to them in long-term. It is analyzed that some local people see the visitors as a threat because they feel that tourist declines their own values at high extent. This perception creates difficulty for developing regional tourism. Along with this, local people make some negative perception for the tourists due to a different culture. The native people are indecisive hence they always feel that which visitor can bother them. This situation is happening because they have inadequate information regarding visitors and also have lack of contact with visitors (MacCannell, 2013). Al though, tourist belongs to different religions and dressing, yet some local people always have a positive attitude towards them because they think that tourists are key earning source for them. Government and organization controls that affect interactions between locals and visitors Australian government makes policy to influence the people to travel throughout Australia. It also promoted international tourism through marketing as it will be beneficial to gain economic benefits of Australian from tourism (Tourism Australia, 2017). It also creates a policy regarding safety and security for tourist that helps to encourage the sustainable travel and tourism industry in Australia. Local government and tourism organization both make policies regarding developing in local areas with high safety (Markovi?, and Klari?, 2015). Together with, state tourism organization aids the tourism development and marketing of tourism areas for gaining the awareness about these destinations and persuades more tourists. Impact of above control on interaction between locals and visitors There are different controlling steps and policies made by government and tourism organization in an organization. These policies enhance the interaction between locals and visitors because these policies are related to safety and security in tourist areas. These controlling measures have also created the positive experience for local population and visitors in Australia because these policies are associated with cleanness and calmness (Mason, 2015). Future hold for Australias tourism industry It is analyzed that Australian tourism industry is influential for both foreign and domestic tourists because continue tourism growth have contributed towards increasing employment and national income. Government and investors plan to add the extra weights with respect to industrys attractiveness as it will strong growth in demand for foreign and domestic tourism for travel and tourism services. Furthermore, investment in Australian tourism industry aids the growth in infrastructure and enables the travel and tourism industry to provide effective services to tourists. The government has targeted to double the expenditure to approximately $140 billion annually on overnight tourists till 2020 (Packer, et. al., 2014). Besides, it makes different corrective action to increase the attractiveness of travel of tourism industry. In this way, it has planned to provide approximately AUD$629 million funds over 4 years. Along with this, government maintaining the existing freezes on traveler movement charge and also plan to not increasing the charges for tourists and working holiday makers visas. It has also announced the premium clearance facilities for international tourists on their pays basis within international airports. The government has also provided approximately $115 million to develop the Western Sydney Airport together with approximately $26 million for rail improvement and $89m for other actions at the airport site. It will also provide approximately $50 million over 4 years to encourage wine tourism and Australian wine overseas (Smaranda, and Daniela, 2012). Besides, the Australian government has cut the tax that will provide economic advantages to tourism operator. In this way, it has declined the companys tax rate to improve the travel and tourism industry. As a result, these policies have made by the Australian government to improve the travel and tourism attractiveness and to attr act the tourist towards different places of Australia (Tarlow, 2016). Conclusion It can be concluded that there is certain relevant tourism issue in relation to Australia named Shortage of proficient employees, and Minimum Salaries, recruitment, and retention. It can be evaluated that travel and tourism providing different economic benefits from its origin to present times. In addition, it can be illustrated that Australia has targeted a different type of tourist to get the benefits from them such as international tourist, backpackers, and domestic tourist. Furthermore, it can be discussed that local population has both positive and negative attitudes towards the tourists. It is also evaluated that there are different controlling measures are initiated by organization and government that builds positivity in the interaction between locals and visitors. Further, the government has planned to invest in travel and tourism industry for future growth of Australia. References Amelung, B., Nicholls, S. (2014). Implications of climate change for tourism in Australia.Tourism Management,41, 228-244. Australia (2017). AUSTRALIA'S HISTORY. Retrieved from: https://www.australia.com/en/facts/history.html Australian government (2015). Australias International Tourism Industry. Retrieved from: https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/international-tourism/international-tourism.pdf Australian Government (2017). Tourism Research Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.tra.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/185/Tourism_Investment_Monitor_2015_FINAL.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Bonsn, E., Royo, S., Ratkai, M. (2015). Citizens' engagement on local governments' Facebook sites. An empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types in Western Europe.Government Information Quarterly,32(1), 52-62. Corporate plan (2017). Tourism WA CORPORATE PLAN 2016-17. Retrieved from: https://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/About%20Us/Corporate_Plan_2016-17.pdf Durand, C., Fournier, S. (2017). Can Geographical Indications Modernize Indonesian and Vietnamese Agriculture? Analyzing the Role of National and Local Governments and Producers Strategies.World Development,98, 93-104. Local population (2010). Tourism theories. Retrieved from: https://www.tourismtheories.org/?p=842 MacCannell, D. (2013).The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. USA: Univ of California Press. Markovi?, I., Klari?, Z. (2015). Attitudes of Local Population of Tourism Impacts on Destination SustainabilityCase of Croatia.Turizam,19(3), 98-110. Mason, P. (2015).Tourism impacts, planning, and management. UK: Routledge. Packer, J., Ballantyne, R., Hughes, K. (2014). Chinese and Australian tourists' attitudes to nature, animals and environmental issues: Implications for the design of nature-based tourism experiences.Tourism Management,44, 101-107. Smaranda, S., Daniela, M. (2012). Tourism Organization and Coordination in Australia and the Managerial Strategy for Tourism Development.Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology,2(5), 1-10. Tarlow, P. E. (2016). Issues facing the travel and tourism industry. Retrieved from: https://eturbonews.com/136067/issues-facing-travel-and-tourism-industry Tourism Australia (2017). Whos who in the tourism industry? Retrieved from: https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/news-and-industry-tools/resources-for-industry/whos-who-in-tourism-industry.html Wilkinson, J. (2016). Australian federal budget to drive future tourism growth. Retrieved from: https://hotelmanagement.com.au/2016/05/04/australian-federal-budget-drive-future-tourism-growth